Presentation
Handout
Notes/Links I used
Monday, 14 January 2013
Tuesday, 20 November 2012
Information about 5 elements
TITANIUM, RADON, PHOSPHORUS, BROMINE, CARBON
The element titanium was discovered by William Gregor in 1791. It was discovered in the United Kingdom. Some of the uses of titanium are of the following :
Titanium is a strong, light metal. It is as strong as steel and twice as strong as aluminum, but is 45% lighter than steel and only 60% heavier than aluminum.
Source one Source two
Source one Source two
Phosphorus was discovered in 1669 by Hennig Brand, a German physician and alchemist. Phosphorus was discovered in Germany. Uses for phosphorus are :
Bromine was discovered, at almost the same time in 1826, by two men, German chemist Carl Lowig (1803-90) and French chemist Antoine-Jerome Balard (1802-76). The element bromine, was discovered in France.
Source one Source two Source three
Unfortunately, no one knows who discovered carbon. It is one of the few
elements that was known since ancient times. The earliest use of carbon
was sometime around 3750 BC. Some uses for carbon are :
Titanium
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| Picture of raw titanium |
- Many firearms (guns) are made from titanium as it is strong and lightweight.
- Surgical instruments, wheelchairs and crutches are all made out of titanium for high strength and low weight.
- Titanium alloys are used in aircraft (including helicopters), armor plating, naval ships, spacecraft and missiles.
- Dental implants are made with titanium.
Titanium is a strong, light metal. It is as strong as steel and twice as strong as aluminum, but is 45% lighter than steel and only 60% heavier than aluminum.
Source one Source two
Radon
The element, Radon was discovered by Friedrich Ernst Dorn in 1900 while studying radium's decay chain. It was discovered in Germany. Some uses of radon are :- Radon was used for treating cancer by radiotherapy.
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| Radon |
Source one Source two
Phosphorus
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| Red phosphorus |
- Hypophosphatemia, low levels of phosphorus in the body
- Hyperceilcemia, high blood calcium levels
- Calcium based kidney stones
- Toothpastes
- White is poisonous and can spontaneously ignite when it comes in contact with air.
- Red is not poisonous and is not as dangerous as white phosphorus, although frictional heating is enough to change it back to white phosphorus.
- Black is the least reactive form of phosphorus and has no significant commercial uses.
Bromine
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| Bromine |
- Water Purification
- Agriculture
- Cars
- Healthcare
- Photography
Source one Source two Source three
Carbon
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| Coal based activated carbon for water purification |
- Used as a decorative tool in jewelry items.
- Used as a base for the ink that is used in inkjet printers.
- Used in the rims of automobiles as a black fume pigment.
- Vegetable carbon or activated carbon, is sometimes used as a bleaching agent, or a gas absorbent. It is also widely used in filtration systems.
- Diamond and graphite are two forms of carbon. Each have very different properties. For example, diamond is very hard while graphite is very soft.
- Life on earth could not exist without carbon. It is part of DNA and also makes up important sugars and fats that we need to live.
- The name ‘carbon’ comes from the Latin word ‘carbo’.
- All forms of carbon are very stable and require high temperatures to react.
Wednesday, 17 October 2012
Technology and reproduction
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
The term ART is used in different contexts but should cover induction of ovulation, sperm preparation, intrauterine insemination, IVF, ICSI, GIF."IN VITRO FERTILISATION (IVF)
INTRACYTOPLAMIC SPERM INJECTION (ICSI)
ICSI represents one of the major advances in human reproduction and ART that occurred in the 90's. It differs from IVF by what happens once the eggs and sperm reaches the laboratory. Essentially a single moving sperm is injected into a single mature egg. Thus the couple requires very few sperm for this type of therapy. ICSI has opened up treatment to a whole new group of patients in whom classical IVF was unsuccessful. This includes males with very low sperm counts (< 5 million / ml), males with anti sperm antibody problems, couples who have had failed fertilisation at IVF. Once embryos are formed, embryo transfer is identical to IVF.GAMETE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER (GIFT)
This procedure developed as an offshoot of the IVF technology in the 1980's. It differs from IVF in that it requires the presence of normal Fallopian tubes. Today because of the high success rates achieved with IVF it is seldom used. The procedure did involve the placing of an egg sperm mixture in the Fallopian tube via laparoscopy.BLASTOCYST CULTURE
The embryo is usually replaced at the 2-8 cell stage of development. The blastocyst (multicellular stage with fluid compartment) stage may be reached by prolonging the culture of the embryo in the laboratory for a longer period and if it reaches the blastocyst stage can be transferred to the uterus at that time. This scientific approach helps in selecting the embryo(s) with a greater chance of succeeding. To achieve this degree of development special laboratory conditions are required."
Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT)
More about ZIFT
Source and more types of ART
To learn more about reproductive technology click here
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